How to Win at Persuasion in the Media Questions on the CSET English Examination

How to Win at Persuasion in the Media Questions on the CSET English Examination - By: Jolene Wise, Posted on: 2007-11-23

Humans have been trying to influence one another for years. Maybe one of the best eloquent early speakers was the ancient Greek scholar Aristotle. Aristotle's thoughts are as germane in the present as they were when he was teaching at the Lyceum around 290 B.C.

Persuasion is the routine of persuading. It is the superpower to dissuade using the spoken or written word. Persuasion is a type of social molding. It is the cognitive process of guiding people toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic (not always logical) means. It is a scheme of intellection founded on "appeals" rather than force.

Persuasion is brought about through forms of persuasive appeals:

Logos = The appeal to reason or the intelligence.
Pathos = The appeal to emotion or the feelings.
Ethos = The persuasive appeal of one's character or reputation.

These appeals are usually analyzed individually but know that these appeals often work together in combination toward a persuasive conclusion.

Aristotle delineates these "artistic" or "intrinsic" proofs—those that are established by way of the art of rhetoric—in comparison to "nonartistic" or "extrinsic" proofs such as attestants or legal instruments that are only used by the speaker, not found through rhetoric.

Logos

Aristotle hoped that all communication could be done only through this appeal, but given the impuissance of humanity, he bemoans, we have to resort to the use of the other two appeals. The ancient Greek word logos is defined as "reason".

Example of Logos

"My ex-wife is a materialistic person, in addition to being a killer and drug user. My ex-wife was driving a SUV while under the influence of a controlled substance and had an automobile accident which killed my only daughter Jenny."

Pathos

Aristotle dedicates a significant portion of discussion on affecting the feelings, and labeling the sorts of responses of various demographic groupings. Hence, we notice the close relations betwixt assessment of pathos and of audience. Pathos is also the construct by which we understand the psychological aspects of rhetoric. The ancient Greek word pathos is defined as "emotion". Criticisms of rhetoric are inclined to center on the overstressing of pathos, emotion, at the sacrifice of logos, the message.

Example of Pathos

"Jenny lived with me, her father, about half of the time, ever since she was 11 months old. When Jenny was in my custody, I had the role of father and mother. Along with being a single father, came a tremendous amount of duty. It was a duty I greatly liked. I washed her clothes, and cooked for her and took care of Jenny when she was ill. When Jenny got the chicken pox, I got the chicken pox. All of my life was dedicated to Jenny. It was the best time of my life. Never did I ever have to scold Jenny, disciplining only with patience and love. At the time of my divorce, my former wife's income was $150,000.00 + annually. I was just above the poverty level. I even signed away the home to my former wife in divorce, which had $200,000 of equity in it. All I needed was my daughter Jenny. All my ex-wife cared about was money. In 1999, when I was going through an exceedingly difficult time financially, my former wife offered to help me out financially. She offered to purchase my parental rights for $11,000.00. Even though I was facing eviction, I told her that my daughter was not for sale at any price. For 7 years, my former wife tried to take Jenny away from me. She finally did. On March 22nd, 2004 Jenny's mother was driving her to school. She was going in excess of 55 mph in a 15 mph speed zone, around a turn, on a wet and slippery road, near a school, with no seatbelt on my daughter. Jenny was thrown and twisted through the glass windshield of the SUV being driven by her mother. The car then rolled over my daughter. With two collapsed lungs, my daughter stood up, took a few steps gasping for air, and fell back down. My former wife never went over to Jenny after the crash. A witness claimed that my former wife was more interested about her SUV and jewelry than her own daughter. Jenny was taken to the hospital, hooked up to what looked like 50 tubes and a brain monitor. I slept on the cold floor in the waiting room for two weeks. Jenny's heart stopped beating at 8:22 p.m. on April 5th, 2004 at the age of 7 1/2 years old. My former wife tested positive for cocaine, hydrocodone and other drugs."

Ethos

Ethos names the method of persuasion that involves the use of one's notoriety, specifically how the character is established by way of the discourse or speech. Aristotle claimed that one needs to appear both knowing about one's topic and good. Cicero wrote that in speech the first part of a speech (its introduction or exordium) was the place to establish one's credibility with the audience.

Example of Ethos

"My Dear Fellow Clergymen:

While confined here in Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely."...Since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable in terms.

I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in."...I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here.

But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid." - Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter from Birmingham Jail"

This report is an extract from ACE the CSET English study guide and online course. In the course, we study specific examples of logos, pathos, and ethos, and we cover all forms of persuasion such as a bandwagon, red herring, straw man, shifting the burden of proof, and many more. The CSET English course has interactive chronology, fill-in, and matching exercises that make it possible for you to rapidly memorize the information you need to pass the rhetoric and media persuasion sections of the CSET English test.

If you’re looking for a big publishing company that sells dozens of instant downloadable test preparation pdfs or ebook study guides with which to pass your CSET examination, we’re not for you.

But if you’re looking for an affordable interactive software program or an online CSET class from a small company that specializes exclusively in the California curriculum as applied to the CSET exam, I encourage you to check out our Web site.

Article Source:- Directory Submission & Sexy Deepika Padukone

Jolene Wise is a test expert and critic for ACE the CSET English Study Guide and Online course which is the better way to ace the CSET English examination.

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